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Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 

in  2007  with  funding  from 

IVIicrosoft  Corporation 


http://www.archive.org/details/armamentstheirreOOcarniala 


•  I 


ARMAMENTS  AND  THEIR 
RESULTS. 


BY 


ANDREW  CARNEGIE 


THE  PEACE  SOCIETY, 
47,  NEW  BROAD  STREET,  LONDON,  E.C. 

1909. 


ARMAMENTS  AND  THEIR 
RESULTS. 


BY 


ANDREW  CARNEGIE. 


THE  PEACE  SOCIETY, 
47,  NEW  BROAD  STREET,  LONDON,  E.G. 

1909. 


StacM 

ARMAMENTS  AND  THEIR  RESULTS. 

BY 

ANDREW    CARNEGIE. 

0      JU      0 

RMIES   and   navies   exist  and  increase 
solely  under  the   plea   that   these  are 
the  best,  and   indeed  the  only,  means 
of  ensuring  Peace. 

We  deal  with  three  of  the  axioms  urged  in 
their  justification. 

First  :  "  To  be  prepared  for  war  is  the  surest 
way  to  secure  Peace." 

Answer:  If  only  one  nation  "prepared,"  this 
axiom  would  be  sound  ;  but  when  one  arms  others 
follow,  and  the  fancied  security  vanishes.  Rivalry 
between  nations  ensues,  and  preparation,  so  far 
from  promoting  Peace,  sows  suspicion  and 
jealousy,  developing  into  hatred,  the  prolific  seed 
of  future  wars  between  nations  hitherto  peace- 
fully disposed. 


2117598 


ARMAMENTS    AND    THEIR  RESULTS. 

Nations  are  only  aggregations  of  men,  and  all 
human  experience  proves  that  men  unarmed  are 
less  likely  to  quarrel  than  men  armed.  Hence  in 
civilized  lands  they  are  debarred  from  arming. 

Two  neighbours  have  a  difference  which  a 
friendly  interview  would  have  solved  ;  but  one  acts 
upon  the  axiom,  "In  time  of  Peace,  prepare  for 
War,"  and  buys  a  pistol.  Hearing  this,  the  other 
promptly  "  prepares."  The  first  decides  he  is 
insufficiently  "prepared"  and  buys  a  six-chambered 
revolver,  an  action  that  is  immediately  followed 
by  his  neighbour.  With  every  additional  weapon 
purchased  the  premium  upon  their  lives  would 
be  promptly  raised  by  insurance  companies. 
These  "  prepared  "  men  have  only  to  meet  by 
chance,  when  a  word,  a  gesture,  misinterpreted, 
results  in  bloodshed,  perhaps  death.  Exactly  so 
with  nations.  The  causes  of  wars,  both  between 
nations  and  men,  are  generally  of  trifling  moment. 
So  much  depends  upon  their  attitude  to  each  other, 
friendly  or  unfriendly.  If  the  former,  no  dispute 
but  can  be  peacefully  settled  ;  if  unfriendly,  no 
trifle  but  can  create  war ;  the  disposition  is  all. 
Hence  the  folly  and  danger  of  nations  arming 
against  each  other,  which  must  always  arouse 
mutual  suspicion,  fatal  to  friendly  relations. 

4 


ARMAMENTS   AND   THEIR  RESULTS. 

Armaments  and  true  friendship  are  incom- 
patible. Even  nations  in  close  alliance  against 
other  nations  must  always  feel  the  alliance  may 
give  place  to  other  and  perhaps  hostile  alliances. 
Thus  suspicion  inevitably  follows  armaments  as 
shadows  follow  substance.  There  is  no  escape, 
and  suspicion  is  fatal. 

Second  :  "  Our  armaments  are  intended  only 
for  our  own  protection  and  are  no  menace  to  other 
nations ;  they  make  for  Peace." 

Answer:  So  say  all  the  armed  nations,  and  it 
is  true  that  every  nation  regards  and  proclaims 
its  o^vn  armaments  as  instruments  of  Peace  only, 
because  these  are  meant  to  protect  her  from  the 
existing  armaments  of  other  nations ;  but  just  as 
naturally  every  nation  regards  every  other  nation's 
armaments  as  clearly  instruments  of  war,  and  not 
of  Peace,  because  these  may  attack  her.  Thus 
each  nation  suspects  all  the  others,  and  only  a 
spark  is  needed  to  set  fire  to  the  mass  of 
inflammable  material.  It  is  impossible  that 
formidable  armaments  of  one  nation  should  not 
create  alarm  among  other  nations ;  although  all 
nations  may  protest  they  do  not  intend  to  attack, 
yet  they  may. 

Thus  armaments,  either  personal  or  national,  on 

5 


ARMAMENTS    AND    THEIR   RESULTS. 

land  or  on  sea,  so  far  from  preserving  Peace 
inevitably  become  in  time  one  of  the  chief,  if  not 
the  greatest  of  all,  causes  of  war,  since  they  sow 
the  deadly  seeds  of  mutual  suspicion. 

The  gigantic  armaments  of  our  own  day  have 
greatly  added  to  this  danger,  which  future 
additions  now  under  way  must  inevitably  increase. 
Clearly,  increasing  armaments  is  no  remedy,  since 
they  multiply  the  dangers  of  war. 

Third  :  "  Armaments  are  the  cheap  defence  of 
nations." 

Answer:  Let  us  see.  Last  year  Britain  spent 
upon  army  and  navy  in  round  numbers  Seventy 
Millions  of  Pounds  ($345,000,000)  ;  Germany, 
;^48,ooo,ooo  ($233,000,000)  ;  America, 
;£"97,ooo,ooo  ($470,000,000),  ;^32,ooo,ooo 
($160,000,000)  of  this  upon  war  pensions.  This 
expenditure  was  before  the  day  of  Dreadnoughts, 
now  costing  about  $12,000,000  each,  say 
;^2,25o,ooo.  The  naval  expenditure  of  nations 
and  hence  the  dangers  of  war  are  to  be  much 
greater  in  the  future,  and  the  end  thereof,  under 
present  ominous  conditions,  no  one  can  foretell. 
One  point,  however,  is  clear.  Neither  men  nor 
money  will  be  wanting  with  any  first-class  Power 
involved,  since  for  no  cause,  unfortunately,  can  the 

6 


ARMAMENTS   AND    THEIR   RESULTS. 

populace  of  every  land  be  so  easily  and  heavily 
burdened  as  for  that  of  foreign  war,  in  which  all 
men  are  so  prone  to  believe  their  country  in  the 
right. 

The  Remedy :  Recently,  delegates  of  the  eight 
naval  Powers,  Germany,  France,  Italy,  Russia, 
Austria- Hungary,  Japan,  Britain,  America,  sitting 
in  London,  unanimously  agreed  to  establish  an 
International  Supreme  Court,  to  deliver  final 
judgment  upon  all  cases  of  marine  captures,  each 
nation  appointing  one  judge.  To  such  of  the 
smaller  nations  as  apply  for  admission,  seven 
judges  are  to  be  accorded  in  turn,  so  that  the 
great  maritime  nations  combined  have  always  a 
majority,  which  is  common  sense. 

These  same  eight  Powers  have  only  to  meet 
again  and  decree  that  hereafter  disputes  between 
civilized  nations  shall  be  settled  in  like  manner 
(or  by  Arbitration)  and  War  becomes  a  thing  of 
the  past. 


Me. 


CO 

J* 

SO 

•< 


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33 


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